Discuss the rationale behind recent changes in the design and delivery Essay

Talk about the method of reasoning behind late changes in the structure and conveyance of work advertise programs in the UK. Think about a scope of hypothesis and global involvement with your answer - Essay Example The major financial defeat of 2007 to 2009 prompted shortage of employments for new individuals in the work advertise. Ten years before the major monetary emergency, that is, mid 2000s many created nations had consistent accomplishment regarding financial development remembering enormous development for openings for work, however because of the financial emergency every one of these accomplishments have slowed down. A large number of individuals have no work environment in the current intense economy. The emergencies have seriously influenced the open monetary profits. The money related emergency has made numerous difficulties to the European nations in the work advertise and particularly the issue of joblessness. Another test brought by the financial emergency incorporate endeavors to meet the European Union focuses of monetary development, which may require the nations to conserve individuals to adapt to the financial downturn (Pattison, 2012, p. 466). The conversation paper includes the utilization of existing scholastic materials to decide the impacts of the 2007/2009 monetary emergency. It clarifies the activities that the administrations in certain nations, for example, USA, Australia and the UK have taken to lessen the impacts of the monetary emergency on the work showcase. The techniques received and their justifications to help the jobless populace are additionally examined in the paper. Execution based contracting, which is a technique same as installment by results, was utilized in the United States. The technique prompted advancement of new arrangements that decentralized subsidizing and buying capacity to network of privately owned businesses. The arrangements underlined on execution results through budgetary motivators that propelled the staff of the organizations. The Department of Labor set the presentation focuses to accomplish every year and the results decided the assets spared from the speculation. The results additionally included conveyance of business administrations with contract times of over a half year. It likewise accentuated on preparing the representatives on work abilities, which made a difference

Terrorism As An International Phenomenon Essay -- essays research pape

Fear mongering as an International Phenomenon      International fear mongering, knowledge social occasion and secret tasks are all marvel, which interest the brains of numerous individuals both youthful and old. This paper is an authentic describe and study on the different components that include a universal activity. It is additionally a vehicle for talking about the impacts of insight offices around the globe, with specific enthusiasm for the CIA, Mossad, and KGB. This paper will show the different consequences of bombed missions on the global network, analyzing whether the end supported the mean. Moreover, it will likewise give a more profound comprehension to the manner by which an activity fills in as created through the psyche of the specialist, just as the basic purpose behind a specific activity.      In request to understand the accompanying passages one must have an information on the terms which might be utilized while talking about surveillance, universal fear based oppression and knowledge offices all through the world. First is the government operative, operator or warrior. This is the individual who completes a crucial. He/she doesn't really work alone. Contingent upon the mission one or numerous government agents may contribute in different manners. The whole group of spies, warriors or specialists is known as a â€Å"pod†. These units can act in a plenty of ways. One such way is a furtive activity, where the moves are made on remote soil, explicitly in the State, or Country where the outcome will happen. For the most part there are two distinct sorts of soldiers: the individuals who work in the in the field really performing activities and the individuals who invade another administration, acting like a resident of that nation, so as to give his/her nation of origin with mystery data. The last is known as a mole, or a twofold operator. He is one who professes to be from the Country where he is spying, so as to pick up the certainty of that administration before he enters it, for the most part as a government operative.      Now that the peruser has a fundamental information on the jargon important to comprehend the data to be perused, this individual should initially fathom the historical backdrop of surveillance and fear based oppression. In spite of the fact that undercover work dates as far back as scriptural occasions when Moses sent covert operatives into the place that is known for Israel, this paper is just worried about progressively contemporary sorted out secret activities tasks. The firs... ...: 54 Issue: 2 March 1998. Pgs. 62-63. Focal Intelligence Agency," Microsoftâ ® Encartaâ ® 97 Encyclopedia.  © 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights held. Chabin, Michelle. USA Today. â€Å"Israel Swaps Hamas Leader for two Agents†. Sec.: A Pg.: 1 Col.: 6 October 7, 1997. Cooperman, Alan. US News and World Report. â€Å"When Spies and Poison Go Awry†. Vol.: 123 Issue: 14 October 13, 1997. Page 42. Draper, Theodore. New York Review of Books. â€Å"Is the CIA Necessary?†. Vol.: 44 Issue: 13 August 14, 1997. Pages 16-22. Kornbluh, Peter. Country. â€Å"Beyond the Bay of Pigs†. Vol.: 266 Issue: 15 April 27, 1998. Pages 25-26. Makovsky, David. US News and World Report. â€Å"Israel’s Mossad Blushes Again†. Vol.: 124 Issue: 9 March 9, 1998. Page 39. Newsweek. â€Å"A Spy in the Network†. November 9, 1998. Page 2. Persico, Joseph E. New York Times Book Review. â€Å"Spy versus Spy†. Sec.:7 Page: 15 Col.: 1. September 28, 1997. US News and World Report. â€Å"America Fights Back†. August 31, 1998. Page 42. US News and World Report. â€Å"The Recruiter for Hate†. August 31, 1998. Page 48. Westerby, Gerald. In Hostile Territory: Business Secrets of a Mossad Combatant. Harper Business: New York, 1998.

Montesquieu Essays - Political Philosophy, Politics, Government

Montesquieu In this article I will talk about Montesquieu, Dewey, Wright, and Lippmann. These writers have been expounding on todays government for a long time. These legislatures share numerous things for all intents and purpose just as various. Montesquieu says that ethicalness is the most significant rule of majority rules system in American government. That all citizenry must put the open great in front of their own advantages. The English have been not able to build up a majority rule government this century in light of the fact that the individuals who were associated with open undertakings had some ethicalness. Their desire was left by the accomplishment of the strong and brave. The soul of one group is quelled by the soul of another. At the point when righteousness stops, desire enters those hearts that can let it be known, and eagerness enters them all. One was free under the laws, and now needs to be free against them. The laws are not what are best of the general population. Every resident resembles a got away from slave. Rather than the individuals battling oppression, the individuals are battling one another. The guideline of gentry is control. The rich and high society administer gentry, and it is controlled by the best individuals dependent on their inclinations and subdues those of the individuals. Balance in excellence needs to lye inside the nobility. Remembering the interests of gentry as opposed to individual interests. Presently such a body can subdue itself in two different ways. Either by incredible ethicalness, which makes respectable equivalent to the individuals, which would frame an extraordinary republic. Or then again by lesser excellence, a balance that leaves the nobles equivalent among themselves, which achieves their protection. The balance established on excellence is the central core of this legislature. In governments the administration utilizes as meager excellence as conceivable to achieve things. The laws supplant all these uprightness in a government. One man is the incomparable leader over all. Respect replaces ideals in a ruler. Respect got together with the powers of laws in the long run prompts the objective of government. Individuals put their notoriety first n attempting to get differentiation for themselves. In a government a great many people are productive members of society, however it is elusive productive members of society. For so as to be a productive member of society, one must have the aim of being one. Love the state less for oneself than for itself. ?ask not what your nation can accomplish for you but rather what you can accomplish for your nation.? Desire is deadly to the pioneer of a republic, however has great impact in a government. Respect isn't the standard of oppressive states, these must be dread in a tyrannical government. Dread must obliterate fearlessness and aspiration so as to stop any odds of a transformation. At the point when dread neglects to exist, the individuals no longer have a defender. Montesquieu shows how instruction will be distinctive in every sort of government. In governments training isn't discovered organizations. It is found in regular day to day existence were individuals can be instructed for a fact. Instruction begins during childbirth and nothing in the republic government to stop it. Minority has no alternatives if the dominant part is a group. Prevent a lion's share from shaping and you prevent lion's share groups from doing their ?malicious? plans. Madison feels this makes republics temperamental and perilous. An unadulterated vote based system can just work in a little society. Vote based system won't work in attempting to administer an enormous zone or a huge populace in light of the fact that a typical energy or interests will be felt by the larger part. In popular government there is nothing to prevent dominant part from exploiting the minority. Government officials guarantee that if there were ideal quality in their political rights, they would likewise have similar belongings, conclusions, and interests. This isn't accurate, for we need something to secure us. Madison feels that a republic is the perfect remedy for group. You should initially dispose of this by refining and expanding the open perspectives. It is perfect to have the most ideal delegates to settle on the choice for society. In a major region casting a ballot is acceptable in light of the fact that it will keep out one view. It will focus on everybody's perspectives and give these chosen authorities an increasingly wide view from hearing everybody's thoughts. That astuteness will empower him to give a superior choice than

International Market Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

1. Introduction The globalization of the economy, internationalization of businesses and emergence of new markets are all key themes in contemporary business. Whereas international business may once have been the province of organisations with sufficient scale and reach, these types of companies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" typically multi-national corporations no longer have a monopoly on this kind of business. Increasing numbers of firms, of varying scale, are confronted with compelling reasons for expanding their activities across multiple national boundaries. In some cases, such motivation includes the knowledge that success in international markets is a pre-requisite for survival; if competitor organisations succeed in international markets, they may achieve the scale and liquidity which affords them sustainable competitive advantage. However, scrutiny of the empirical experience of international expansion suggests that the apparent potential is by no means straightforward to achieve in practice. This raises questions about whether or not it is realistic to envisage a best practice in terms of international expansion strategy. Can the latter be conceived of as a specific and transferable management skill, or is it instead reliant upon expertise in a particular sector of business, a market, or a national culture? After all, if proven strategists are found wanting, where can the or ganisation go in terms of its future practice? Large, successful and sophisticated businesses have often found that international ventures do not fulfil their promise. Moreover, these failures do not feature in only one sector of the economy; retailers, manufacturers, transport and energy companies have all found that expansion in contemporary markets is easier to plan than to achieve. The relevant strategies were often developed by otherwise successful managers and executives, appointed because of proven track records in similar or parallel enterprises. The retail sector alone furnishes numerous examples of this problem. The previously ascendant US Wal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mart group eventually abandoned its expansion into the buoyant German consumer market, selling up to domestic rivals Metro (Felsted and Jopson 2011). Sir Terry Leahy of the UKs Tesco PLC saw his flagship Fresh n Easy store venture in the United States rapidly turn into a loss making enterprise (Felsted 201 1). The point here is that these large, well-resourced businesses have been in the vanguard of market research techniques which employ benchmark digital data capture to measure consumer behaviour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" yet they still failed. It may be that, as the statistics obtained by as Guler and Guillen show, (Appendix Three), firms prefer to target what they perceive as legally secure, politically stable hosts (2005, p.2) A number of empirical questions are raised by these developments. For example, how best can organisations secure and maintain the right kind of strategy formation capacity within their capabilities? Should strategic planning ever be thought of as a continuing capability, or should it instead be seen as a reflexive capacity, more likely to be brought into being by the specific conjunction of factors, i.e. a one-off development? 2. Purpose The purpose of the proposed study will be to ascertain answers to the following types of question, i.e. Is there a best practice of international business strategy formation which is transferable between business sectors? Are some elements of strategy formation indispensable? If so, what are the indispensable elements of strategy formation? Do the business models of particular sectors render them more or less scaleable in terms of international expansion? What constitutes the best practice in the development of business strategy for international markets? Such a question will obviously be subject to enormous variables across different sectors of the economy, or types and sizes of business. However, it may be argued that there will be a continued demand for this kind of business expertise, both in terms of strategy development and knowledge management. 3. Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations. As Czinkota et al indicate, strategy formation should not be conceived as a generic activity or process, since it will to a certain extent be informed by the specific stimulus for the expansion itself, i.e. whether the perceived competitive advantage is based on technological or other kind of advantage (2009, p.228) This is an important consideration, since each organisation has its own motivation for wanting to expand into international markets, as well as varying levels of capability, resources, and preparedness. De Burca, Fletcher and Brown argue, there are numerous reasons for pursuing international expansion, the first of which lays in orthodox competitive strategy, i.e. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in many industries, competitors can access customers almost anywhereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦many customers that are going global want their key suppliers to be there to service them. Secondly, technology evolves at different speeds in different countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if a business is located close to leading-edge technology development, it is likely to be closer to the early adopters phase of new marketsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Third, economies of doing business are changing in terms of cost of funds, cost of labour, availability of specialised skills and opportunities for specialisation. (2004: p.560). Some strategic factors are generic, in as much as no firm can realistically overlook them in international expansion. These consist of considerations such as control of the value chain, control of personnel resources, the securing of the necessary financial resources, and a realistic assessment of the associated risks (Muhlbacher et al 2006, p.405). Other factors will arise from the nature of the target markets themselves: emerging economies, for example, will not necessarily feature the embeddedness of mature Western markets (Doole and Lowe 2008, p.4). As Muhlbacher et al point out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦many international marketing efforts fail not because research was not conducte d, but because the issue of comparability was not adequately addressed in defining the marketing research problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2006, p.123). It is also important to consider the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦unconscious reference to our own cultural values when defining the problem we are attempting to research in international marketsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2006, p.123). For example, many studies of global expansion have as their focus the strategies of Western multinationals; however, given the flow of globalization, there is no logical reason why they should be restricted to this area. If anything, the strategies of Chinese, Middle Eastern and other corporations may become even more relevant. As Berger argues, globalization may be deemed the single greatest factor in contemporary business, and yet virtually all the assumptions made about it come à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦either from opinionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦orà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦general economic theories. Analyses based on hard evidence from the experience of societies dealing with these pressures are few and far between. (Berger 2006: p.7). 4. Methodology i. Research Design and Research Strategy. As Marshall and Rossman argue, a research design should be able to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.generate data appropriate and adequate for responding to the research questions and will conform to ethical standards. (2011, p.56). In this instance there are several levels of design options to be acknowledged in the overall form of the research. In paradigmatic terms, this is a predominantly qualitative study, which nevertheless acknowledges the points made by Collis and Hussey regarding the relationship between the phenomenological and the positivist positions. As they point out, the distinction between them can rarely be maintained in the context of practical research processes (Collis and Hussey 2003, p.48). This is a point also made by Jupp, who concedes that research paradigms may need to be reconsidered during the process itself (2006, p.213). At the preparatory stage, it is obviously important to demonstrate that there is a justification for this research, i.e. a gap in the relevant knowledge as presented in the relevant secondary literature (Longnecker 2009, p.134). An exhaustive survey of all the relevant secondary literature may be an ambitious objective given the resources available to this study; however, this must be pursued until it becomes clear that the same or similar points are constantly being re-discovered. As Winkler and Metherell point out, the cautious researcher should see a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦consensus of opinion among experts that can be used to judge the reputation of an author or source. (2011, p.62). By this means, as Patzer points out, a viable context for the study may be established (1995, p.6). It is anticipated that the gaps in the literature will mostly be those arising from new developments in the dynamic of globalization; as Stevens et al argue, old information à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is not necessarily bad information; however, in many dynamic markets, up-to-date information is an absolute necessity. (2006, p.98). As Saunders et al (20 09) acknowledge, any generalization based on secondary data should acknowledge that it has been influenced by the culture, predisposition and ideals of those who originally compiled it (p.272). The study will take account of the major theorists in the relevant areas of scholarship, such as Porter on competitive advantage and national competitive advantage, and Mintzberg et al on strategy. Work such as that of Jones in Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century (2005) will be consulted in order to orientate the study empirically. Detailed studies of niche areas such as De Burca et als work on SME strategy (2004), and Phan et al (2008) on entrepreneurship in emerging economies will also be important. It will also acknowledge anti-globalisation theorists such as Lynn, through the arguments he presented in his End of the Line, the Rise and Coming Fall of the Global Corporation, (2005). Conducted on a qualitative basis, this will be a n inductive rather than deductive study, since it cannot realistically proceed on highly defined questions or areas of enquiry. Rather, its purpose is to make the initial foray into a new and under-research area which will inform a more deductive approach in the future. Consequently, the questioning will be exploratory rather than descriptive in nature, allowing participants the maximum scope to relay their reflections. As Rubin et al (2010) point out, when engaged in descriptive research, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we try to identify or describe events or conditionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦When doing explanatory research, we look for underlying causes and explanations of events. Exploratory research encompasses what is referred to as interpretative research, as a way of making sense of events. (198). Strategy formation, whatever its focus, represents an important aspect of competitive practice in commercial markets. For this reason, there may be finite limits to the extent to which contemporary practice will be meaningfully discussed or shared for the purposes of an academic study. However, participants may be more likely to share worthwhile observations where past practice is concerned, or where they are no longer involved with the business or organisation in question. Participation will be sought from twenty individuals in relevant organisations, and the interviews will be conducted by e-communication as far as is possible due to the budgetary limit of  £1500 (excluding labour). The survey(s) themselves will be conducted within a two week period as far as is possible, to retain the cross-sectional format. It is anticipated that some of this budget will be absorbed by travel and associated expenses where online research is not possible. ii. Sampling The representative nature of any research depends to a significant degree on the sampling methods on which it was based. As McGivern points out, the most representative samples are those based on random or probability sampling, in which all elements of a particular population have an equal or proportionate chance of being included (2006, p.277). However, this approach has obvious implications in terms of both resources and outcomes. A genuinely random sample would involve a wide initial recruitment process and a lengthy period of filtering, during which the most relevant participants could be identified. This in itself would require significant resources and time, and would not necessarily produce the most suitable cohort for a specialist research project. The value of focused business research must be linked to the insights provided by the participants, and only those with the requisite experience and knowledge can provide this. Consequently, a non-probability or purposive s ampling approach was deemed most appropriate, with practitioners from both past and present international businesses invited to participate. The responses obtained will most likely involve insights from past as well as present strategy, so that the study may be said to have a wide chronological focus. However, this study should be seen as a cross-sectional rather than a longitudinal one, since its resources do not permit a longer research process. It may be, however, that further study is possible later, is the research objectives and questions are refined. As Yin cautions, despite the care taken to ensure that a sample is representative of some larger group, the number in a qualitative study à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.will likely be too small to warrant any statistical generalisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. However, the findings may be sufficiently replicated in similar situations, allowing them to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦generalized to other similar situations. (2010, 226). The questions will be ordered into three sections, i.e. a binary or closed question Yes/No section, a Likert-scale multiple choice section, and an open section of discursive enquiries. Each section in the sequence will be developmental and complimentary, allowing the juxtaposition of positivist and phenomenological findings, as in Appendices One and Two. iii. Data Analysis As Wolcott (2001) has argued, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦good qualitative research ought to confound issues, revealing them in their complexity rather than reducing them to simple explanation. (p.36). Whilst it is not envisaged that this limited research will uncover any conceptually original points, it is planned that a balance of positivist and phenomenological data will reveal contextual clues in the contemporary environment which may contribute to further investigation. This will be pursued according to the schema of analysis set out in Appendices One and Two. 5. Ethical Considerations There are two levels of ethical responsibility involved in this proposal, i.e. that owed to the respondents, and that inherent in the conduct and evaluation of the work itself. This research will be conducted on the basis that the participants themselves should have the maximum control over the conduct and outcome of the research process. This implies that they should be informed, prior to participation, of the possible uses and availability of the published research results (Tracy and Millar 2009, p.102). This proposal also acknowledges the ethical responsibilities which arise from the interpretation of the research results themselves. As Gill et al point out, the researcher, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦through developing his/her research design, is usually trying to test hypotheses generated from a theory, through data collection, in order to see whether or not the theory survives those attempts at falsifying or disproving it. (2010, p.72) As an inductive study, this research will n ot be aiming to prove or disprove a particular idea. It will, however, rely for its value upon the originality or otherwise of the information uncovered. Responsible assessment of this should avoid inflating its significance or originality when drawing up the conclusions; where similar findings have appeared earlier or elsewhere, this will be drawn to the attention of the reader. The research findings should be closely linked to the evidence which supports them, and where some of this does not support the argument, this should also be acknowledged (Gray 2009, p.192). 6. Conclusion Overall, the background issue may be said to fall into two areas; firstly, what kinds of expertise are necessary to assure the development of successful international strategy, and secondly, how may this be effectively researched? As Gravetter and Forzano have cautioned, it is all but impossible for a single research study to eliminate all threats to validity, therefore, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦each researcher must decide which threats are most important for the specific study. (2011, p.171). The single greatest problem in this research is the choice between a study which looks at the issue as it occurs across all sectors, or one which concentrates on a single business sector. As will be discussed further, this dilemma also has to be solved in a manner which takes account of the resources available for the work itself. As Patton advises, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦deductive hypothesis testing or outcome measurement aimed at confirming and/or generalizing exploratory findings, then back again to i nductive analysis to look for rival hypotheses and unanticipated or unmeasured factors. (2002, p.57). References Berger, S., (2006), How We Compete, What Companies around the World are doing to make it in todays global economy, Doubleday, New York. Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I., and Moffett, M. (2009), Fundamentals of International Business, Wessex, NY. De Burca, S., Fletcher, R., and Brown, L., (2004), International Marketing: An SME perspective, FT Prentice Hall, Harlow. Doole, I., and Lowe, R., (2008), International marketing strategy; analysis, development and implementation, 5th Edn., Cengage, London. Felsted, A., New Tesco chief faces world of tough challenges, Financial Times, 25th February 2011, [online], (last updated 25.2.11), available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4024ff4a-4115-11e0-bf62-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1HyxsG9Nc [Accessed 17th March 2012]. Felsted, A., and Jopson, B., Bridging the pond is a stern test for retailers, Financial Times, 5th September 2011, [online], (last updated 5.9.11), available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fae9dba2-cf45-11e0-b6d4-00144feabdc 0.html#axzz1pZpjylMt [Accessed 17th March 2012]. Gill, J., Johnson, P., and Clark, M., (2010), Research methods for managers, 4th Edition, Sage, London. Gravetter, F. J., and Forzano, L. B., (2011), Research methods for the behavioural sciences, Wadsworth, Bellment CA. Gray, D. E., (2009), Doing research in the real world, Sage, London. Guler, I., and Guillen, M. F., Knowledge Institutions and Foreign Entry: the internationalisation of U.S. venture capital firms, [online], available at https://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/guillen/NewFolder/IntVC18.pdf, [Accessed 17th March 2012]. Jansson, H., (2007), International business strategy in emerging country markets: the institutional market approach, Edward Elgar. Cheltenham. Jones, G., (2005), Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Jupp, V., (2006), The Sage dictionary of social research methods, Sage, London. Li, J., (1995), For eign entry and survival: effects of strategic choices on performance in international markets, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.16, pp.333-351. Longnecker, J. L., (2009), Small business management,: launching and managing new ventures, Cengage, US. Lynn, B.C., (2005), End of the Line, the Rise and Coming Fall of the Global Corporation, Doubleday, New York. McGivern, Y., (2006), The Practice of Market and Social Research, An Introduction, 2nd Edition, FT Prentice Hall, Harlow. Marshall, C., and Rossman, G. B., (2011), Designing qualitative research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Muhlbacher, H., Leihs, H., Dahringer, L., (2006), International marketing: a global perspective, 3rd Edition, Thomson, Cengage, London. Patton, M. Q., (2002), Qualitative research methods, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Patzer, G. M., (1995), Using secondary data in marketing research; United States and Worldwide, Quorum, Westport. Rubin, R. B., and Rubin, A. M., Haridakis, P. M., and Piele, L. M., (2010), Communication research: strategies and sources, Cengage/Wadsworth, Boston. Stevens, R. E., Wrenn, B., Sherwood, P. K., and Rudd, M. E., (2006), The marketing research guide, Haworth, New York. Tracey, A., and Millar, R., The interview approach, in Hargie, O., and Tourish, D., (eds), (2009), Auditing Organisational Communication; A Handbook of Research Theory and Practice, Routledge, New York, pp.78-102. Winkler, A. C., Metherell, J. R., (2011), Writing the research paper: a handbook, Cengage, New York. Wolcott, H. F., (2001), Writing up qualitative research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, London. Yin, R. K., (2010), Qualitative research from start to finish, Guildford Press, New York. Appendix One: Questioning Sequence. Section One: Binary/Closed Question. It is possible to identify a best practice model of international business strategy formation, which is transferable between business sectors. Yes/No/Neutral. Section Two: Likert Scale Question. It is possible to identify a best practice model of international business strategy formation, which is transferable between business sectors. Strongly Agree/Agree/Neutral/ Section Three: Open Question. How would you identify a generic best practice model of international business strategy formation, i.e. one which is transferable between business sectors? Please explain in your own words. Appendix Two: Data Integration in sequence. Appendix Three: Foreign Capital Investments by U.S. Firms by Host Country, 1991-2002. Country Number of Ventures United Kingdom 183 Canada 135 Israel 109 Japan 91 France 55 Germany 54 China 43 India 35 Ireland 31 Netherlands 30 Singapore 25 Source: Guler, I., and Guillen, M. F., Knowledge Institutions and Foreign Entry: the internationalisation of U.S. venture capital firms, [online], available at https://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/guillen/NewFolder/IntVC18.pdf , [Accessed 17th March 2012]., p.46.

Essay on Stress In The Workplace - 532 Words

An increasing number of employers are becoming aware of the adverse affects that stress can have on an employees performance and are offering different programs to help employees manage stress in their lives. This approach is proving to increase workplace performance, as well as improve employee loyalty and retention in the long run. What Causes Stress? Causes and Concerns Stress has been defined as a physiologic reaction to uncomfortable or unaccustomed physical or psychological stimuli. The biological variations that can result from stress of the sympathetic nervous system include a heightened state of alertness, anxiety, rapid heart rate and sweating. Not surprisingly, everyone has different triggers that cause stress in†¦show more content†¦This sort of negative attitude can be contagious and adversely affect the moods and attitudes of other employees throughout the office and workplace. Simply put, just the effects of low concentration and limited communication skills i s enough to seriously disrupt a workforce and cause a marked drop in production. Employees who are feeling unproductive and isolated may avoid communicating due to the burden of being overwhelmed and thus contribute less to the organizations successes. Effects of Stress on Employers Talent and Time Health-care costs, absenteeism, and workplace safety are the issues most adversely affected by workplace stress. Many employers are becoming more aware of how work stress can affect employee performance and are responding by offering a diverse array of programs to help employees better manage the stress in their lives. Graduates of a Master’s program in I/O Psychology help employers put together a wide array of programs to assist with stress in the workplace. According to the New York Times, top companies are now offering their employees different programs and benefits such as those to reduce work-life pressures for families. Additionally, leadership training on worker stress, onli ne healthy lifestyle programs, physical activity programs, stress awareness campaigns, financial management classes, and personal health and lifestyle management coaching are being developed. SomeShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Stress1922 Words   |  8 Pageswork as stressful. According to the Holmes-Rahe Life Events Scale, which rates levels of stress, many of the most stressful events in life are related to the workplace. Some examples are firings, business readjustments and changes in financial status, altered responsibilities, a switch to a different line of work, trouble with the boss, changes in work hours or conditions, retirement and vacations. Workplace stress costs American employers an estimated $200 billion per year in lower productivity, absenteeismRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Stress On The Workplace1472 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Work stress is one of the oldest issues in organizational psychology and is considered one of the most severe occupational injuries in modern society† (Chou, Chu, Yeh, Chen, 2014, p. 115). Overcoming this severe issue of workplace stress is an important topic to discuss. It is defined as the events or circumstances that cause strain to an employee, which can result in physical, mental, and emotional consequences (Dextras-Gauthier, Marchand, Haines, 2012; Nà ¤gel, Sonnentag, Kà ¼hnelRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On The Workplace Stress1387 Words   |  6 PagesWorkplace stress comes in endless types of reactions and is different from employee to employee. 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Though stress management programRead MoreCauses of Workplace Stress969 Words   |  4 PagesCauses of Workplace Stress There are many factors that can exacerbate the causes of stress in the workplace. The challenges faced by people in the workplace make the job more exciting and interesting. However, there are challenges that can also have negative effects. The normal reaction to stress is tension, anxiety and excitement and work-life goes back to normal after a while. If however, the stress becomes overwhelming or if it happens too often, there can be a problem getting back to the normalRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On The Workplace1563 Words   |  7 PagesEmotions in the workplace play a crucial role in how organizations communicate within and to the outside world. Emotional states in the workplace have strong influence on the outcomes and dictates behaviors and attitudes within organizations. 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Then I will take a look at the factors that cause stress and how these might show in result when working. I try to look at all the possible reasons for stress and through that hopefully to show how to avoid a stressful environment. I will not try to put straight answers on to paperRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On The Workplace1398 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Stress is the body’s response to any change that requires an adjustment or response. The body reacts to these changes with physical, mental and emotional responses. Stress is a normal part of life.†(WebMD UK) Stress is the feeling of being under too much mental or emotional pressure. Pressure turns into stress when one feels unable to cope. For workers everywhere, the economy may feel like an emotional roller coas ter. Layoffs and budget cuts are common in the workplace, and the result is increased

Divine Love In The Inferno - 1232 Words

In Dante’s masterwork, The Divine Comedy, Dante traverse through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. He is lead through the inferno by the ancient poet Virgil, and while Virgil is still present as a guide through Purgatory, there is a defined shift in his role. Through Inferno, he is without a doubt a knowledgeable guide, whilst in Purgatorio, Virgil walks behind Dante and often relies on the souls ascending Mount Purgatory to help led the way. Dante uses this shift, and the allegorical representation of Virgil as human reason, to show that comprehension of pure love is beyond human reason. Dante claims that â€Å"Neither Creator nor his creatures move, / as you well know†¦ but in the action / of animal or of mind-directed love† (Dante, XVII.†¦show more content†¦52-54). This is the first distinct change in Virgil’s role; he goes from confident leader in the first Canto, to perplexed bystander, eventually following Dante’s idea to ascend the ledge and seek help from the souls of Purgatory. This can be explained literally, in that Virgil is an ancient to whom the idea of Purgatory would be foreign, but it also serves an allegorical purpose to show the tension between love and reason. While still on the first ledge, Virgil has the assurance to lead Dante – â€Å"my Guide led and I followed† (IV. 24) – but is still in search of â€Å"someone who may serve as guide† (IV. 39). It is possible for Virgil to understand how to ascend Mount Purgatory both because in the literal sense, he is aware that the proper path must be upwards and because though he lacks the conception of pure love, he is still able to reach after it. On the second ledge of Ante-Purgatory, Virgil and Dante find their first additional guide, not counting Cato, who, though he does guide the poets by way of instruction, does not actually climb with them. Sordello, a Mantuan like Virgil, is, in a similar manner to Cato, a false guide, as he leads the poets back down the mountain (allegorically, further into sin), in order to ascend further. Even after this descent, it is neither Virgil, nor Sordello who eventually lead Dante to the Gate of Purgatory,Show MoreRelatedThe Divine Comedy1705 Words   |  7 PagesLa Commedia, or more commonly known as The Divine Comedy remains a poetic masterpiece depicting truth and sin. The Divine Comedy, through the journey into the three hells, expresses a universal truth of good versus evil. Alighieri’s life of heartbreak with the influences of other famous poets like Homer and Virgil has affected his writing style, and through reviews by literary experts and their interpretation of Alighieri’s unique use of motifs, The Divine Comedy can be broken down to a epic thatRead MoreThe Divine Comedy By Dante Alighieri1277 Words   |  6 PagesDante Alighieri wrote the Divine Comedy from 1308-1320. The story narrates Dante’s pilgrimage through hell, purgatory, and hea ven while guided by Virgil and Beatrice. Throughout this journey Dante conforms himself to virtue, properly orders his passions, and conforms his conscience, â€Å"Dante s psychopoiesis operates through the mimetic deformation, reformation, and transformation of conscience† (Macready, 2). This essay will examine what a true conscience is according to the Catechism of the CatholicRead MoreDantes Voyage Through Hell1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Inferno was written by Dante Alighieri around 1314 and depicts the poet’s imaginary journey through Hell. Dante spent his life traveling from court to court both lecturing and writing down his experiences. His Divine Comedy – the three-part epic poem consisting of Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso (Hell, Purgatory and Heaven)– is generally regarded as one of the greatest poetic feats ever accomplished. All three parts are incredible literary feats with symbolism so complex and beautiful thatRead MoreDante Alighieri ( 1265-1321 )1353 Words   |  6 Pagesaddition, the new poetical movement that came about was called the â€Å"Stilnovo†, and was basically a style where poets would discuss their feelings of love and theorize about love. 3. Dante’s wife, Gemma Donati, does not have as large an influence on his work as Beatrice Portinari, his first love. Many of Dante’s poems in the Vita Nuova are based on his love for Beatrice and the passion that he feels for her. 4. Dante held the occupations of a patrician in Florence, a poet and author in Florence, aRead MoreThe Inferno Of Dante Alighieri1647 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Inferno of Dante Alighieri† translated by Ciaran Carson, originally written by Dante himself is a classical piece of literature. It is the first part of Dante’s three part epic poem entitled, â€Å"The Divine Comedy†. â€Å"The Inferno of Dante Alighieri† transports the reader into a gradual ride, going from an familiar and earthly land, to descending the depths of Hell in the search of salvation. The imagery conjured up while reading this book is plentiful as Dante’s writing is impeccable. NaturallyRead MoreInferno Research Paper1715 Words   |  7 PagesInferno Research Paper Anthony K. Cassell stated in his critical essay titled â€Å"Farinata† that â€Å"the methods of punishment in Dante’s Hell are exquisitely diverse.† The cantos in Inferno are focused on Circles or subdivisions of Hell that describe specific punishments for the suffering souls based upon the sin they committed. The deeper into Hell, the worse the sins that were committed, therefore the agonies of the punishments are greater. In Inferno, Dante brings the issue of sin into light by givingRead MoreInside Inferno by Dante Alighieri: A Story within a Story1178 Words   |  5 PagesInferno is only a piece of a much larger story written by Dante Alighieri. The entire story is called the Divine Comedy, which is composed of Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. Together these three pieces tell the story of Dantes journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise; something that is easily discernible through reading the titles of each part. Dante wrote these poems somewhere ar ound the year 1300. Originally written in what Dante referred to as Latin, there have been many different translationsRead MoreAnalysis Of Dante s Divine Comedy 1201 Words   |  5 PagesDante’s Divine Comedy PSYC 455 12 April 2017 Hell and God’s Love Dante Alighieri lived during the late 13th and early 14th century in Florence Italy. It was during a time when the Guelphs and Ghibellines were rivals and the Guelphs split into two different groups known as the Whites and Blacks. Dante was part of the Whites and was later exiled from Florence. During Dante’s life he had many friends and foes, which he places in his Divine Comedy. The Divine Comedy is based on his love for BeatriceRead MoreHell And Back Dante s Journey Through Hell1362 Words   |  6 PagesTo Hell And Back Dante’s Journey Through Hell The Inferno is a classic novel that tells of Dante’s journey through hell and his rise to purgatory. The book was written by Dante Alighieri as the first part of his Divine Comedy. This trilogy consists of The Inferno, Purgatory, and Paradise (heaven). Dante Alighieri’s The Inferno was a literary inspiration that depicts the beliefs of Christianity and the flaws of human nature through the use of Homer’s, Virgil s, Milton’s, and Shakespeare’sRead MoreComparative Essay Macbeth and Inferno1079 Words   |  5 PagesThe Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri Inferno The poem Inferno is about a man who has â€Å"lost the path that does not stray† (Inferno, Canto I, line 3) where â€Å"the path† represents the path to Heaven. Dante, having strayed from the path, is in danger of being sent to Hell. When Beatrice, whom Dante loved before her early death, finds out that Dante has strayed she becomes worried that he will not be able to join her in Heaven. Beatrice wants to help Dante find God again, but because she is an angel

Mayan Art Essay Example For Students

Mayan Art Essay While Europe was still in the midst of the dark ages, these amazing people had mapped the heavens, evolved the only true writing system native to the Americas and were masters of mathematics. They invented the calendars we use today. Across a huge jungle landscape with an amazing degree of architectural perfection and variety. Their legacy in stone, which has survived in a spectacular fashion at places such as Palenque, Tikal, Tulum, Chichen Itza, Copan and Uxmal, lives on as do the seven million descendants of classic Maya civilization. Chichen Itza is one of the greatest ruins of the Maya . I have been to Chichen Itza last year ad I have seen so much great things over there. At the hub of Toltac, Chichen stands its most important structure. The massive Kukulch pyramid called El Castillo the castle is roughly at the center of the site. Climbing it is quite a challenge and those who make it are rewarded. Whit a spectacular view of the city and surrounding country side A trip inside the pyramid is quite the opposite. The dark, unbearably humid corridors and chambers are too much for some people. We will write a custom essay on Mayan Art specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Chichen Itza is a magical place. I had the opportunity wander around the site for two hours. Watching the massive pyramid take shape through the lifting fog is an experience I will not soon forget. Every year over 40,000 people make the trek to the great pyramid to watch in awe as the snake diamond backed body slowly appears. Great for -side temple- pyramid which was dedicated to the cult of Kukulcan. Inside the Castillo has been discovered on earlier Toltec-Maya pyramids, with beautifully preserved details. Also if you stand facing the foot of the temple and shout the echo comes back as a piercing shriek. And a person standing on the top step can speak in a normal voice and be heard by those at the ground level for some distance. This quality is also shared by another Mayan pyramid at Tika. View from the top of the Castillo, looking towards the temple of the Worriers. The temple of the Worriers and its adjacent Temple of the Jaguar are the most awe inspiring ruins on the complex. A massive temple structure , surrounded by hundreds of columns is carved with relief. A splendid building resting upon a stepped platform surrounded by colonnaded halls. It is a good example of Maya architectects and craftsmen. The building is approached on the northwest through impressive file of square columns, which are decorated on all four with relief. The columns continue on into the jungle, that part of the jungle, that part of the temple still has not been restored. Its an unsetting sight to see how easily the forest has reclaimed the area. Next, the strangest site of all, east of the major Chichen Itza ruins is a dark underground world the Mayans called Cenote. They are deep water filled sinkholes formed by water percolating through the soft limestone above. Since the porous soil held little water, these underground bodies were extremely important to the city. Entry is through a vertical hole with narrow stairs steps carved by The Mayans themselves. The air is thick and musty. One misstep on the slimy ledges theatens to send you failing over 20 feet. Stalagtites of blood red limestone seem to ooze from the dripping walls. Ahead is a strange green pool of glowing water. As you approach the pool roots of trees hanging before you. In their search for water they have penetrated the ceiling, dropping 50 feet to the pool below. Its like an eerie underground forest. After crawled under some especially low hanging stalactites a beautiful blue green pool of unknown depth stretches out before you. A massive stalagmite hangs down, just inches from touching the surface, and above a piercing beam of light streams in from the ceiling, illuminating the pool and entire chamber. Once a year, in April, the beam of light touches the tip of the stalagmite. .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19 , .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19 .postImageUrl , .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19 , .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19:hover , .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19:visited , .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19:active { border:0!important; } .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19:active , .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19 .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufed804c77f66c44b9252edb792c5ac19:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Protestant Reformation and its impact on Art EssayThere are many instances of ancient people building moment to take advantage of events like these but this is something that is totally natural and unplanned. There is a darker side to this and other Cenote, however. In the wells around Chichen Itza have been found scores of skeletons. Mayan petroglyphs depict human sacrifices at these sites. What lies under this Cenote is not Known, no one has ever been able to reach its depth. Finally, one of the most pure Mexican culture was found in the Ballcourt Temple. Two parallel walls 27ft high, and an overall length of about 490ft. This is the largest court in Mesoamerica. The rings set high on either wall were used in scoring the game. At either end of the I-shaped playing field, is a small temple, the one on the north containing extensive bas-relief of Toltec life. Above the east wall of the court is placed the important temple of Jaguars. It is not hard to imagine a Mayan King siting here presiding over the games. And it is said that the winning captain would present his head to the losing cpitan, who then decapitates him. While this may seem a strange reward, the Mayans believed this to be the ultimate honor. The winning captain getting a direct ticket to heaven instead of going through the 13 steps that the Mayans believed they had to go through in order to reach heaven.. In conclusion, Chichen iItza is just one of so many good examples of the high techniques and mathematical skills that they developed and used. They were great in building on the inherited inventions and ideas of earlier civilization. They developed some other amazing things like, astronomy, calendrical system and hieroglyphic writing. The Maya were noted as well for elaborate and highly decorated ceremonial architecture.